In the long term, high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (HV-spinel) could be a promising alternative as a next-generation high-energy cathode material for EVs. HV-spinel possesses a high operating voltage at 4.7 V and a specific capacity of 130 mAh g-1, which leads to a specific energy of around 580 Wh kg-1 that can be obtained at the cathode-level. In the near future, Ni-rich NMC cathode materials (NMC-811, NMC-622) under development will likely be adopted in the automotive industry owing to their higher specific energy and lower cost. However, although Ni-rich NMC can efficiently enhance the specific energy, it is very hard to exceed its theoretical limitation (350 Wh kg-1 at a cell level). NMC-111, NMC-442 and NMC-532 are currently the-state-of-the-art cathode materials for LIBs. The three active components of nickel, manganese and cobalt can easily be blended to suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. NMC-based battery technology is also well-suited for EV applications due to having the lowest self-heating rate. There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion chemistry as the system can be built economically and it achieves good overall performance. Combing the two metal elements can improve each other’s merits. Manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance, but gives a low specific energy. For NMC, nickel is known for its high energy density but poor stability.
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